Lesson 3: Scaling using segmental scaling vectors¶

This tutorial presumes that you have completed Scaling tutorial Lesson 1: Joint to joint scaling methods and Scaling tutorial Lesson 2: Scaling based on External Body Measurements. It covered all the methods based on distance measurements and estimations.

This lesson introduces the last scaling method, which differs from the previous ones by the input parameterse and, therefore, allows another set of solutions when it comes to anthropometric scaling

Scaling XYZ¶

The scaling laws discussed in the previous measurements rely on standard measurements and distance estimates such as joint-to-joint distances or predefined external measurements, e.g. manual palpations and so on. This is a good approach, when a corresponding measurement study can be designed in advance, or a particular measurement protocol can be adjusted to fit the model requirements. However, sometimes this is not feasible and the modeller needs to rely on available data, such as an anthopometric database, or data coming from an old study with measurements different to the standard ones. In this case individual segmental scaling can be constructed by establishing a correspondence between available data and virtual measurements on the model. Let us consider the following example:

Looking at the AnyMan.any we could notice that the head scaling depends only on a single parameter:

AnyVar HeadHeight = 0.14*.BodyHeight/1.75;


and in case of the _SCALING_LENGTHMASSFAT_ it would also depend on the corresponding mass of the head segment. But we could actually know even more accurate dimensions of our subject’s head. And these measurements should be used by the model. Let’s say that our subject corresponds to the 50th percentile male and the measurements will be taken from DIN 1986 (Deutsches Institut fur Normung) anthropometric dataset.

228

193

156

The head height represent the vertical size of the head, measured from the chin to the top of the head, head length represents the depth of the skull from the most anterior point on the forehead to the most posterior point on the back of the head, and, finally, head breadth correspond to the width of the head.

We have prepared some code to visualize points used to measure these distances. As well as that a couple of measures were added to see the result of scaling. Please enable this code by uncommenting the following code:

// Head scaling visualization and measurements
#endif


Let us use the last scaling law: _SCALING_XYZ_. For this purpose please switch it on like shown below:

// Scaling laws using joint to joint measures
//  #define BM_SCALING _SCALING_UNIFORM_
//  #define BM_SCALING _SCALING_LENGTHMASS_
//  #define BM_SCALING _SCALING_LENGTHMASSFAT_
#define BM_SCALING _SCALING_XYZ_

// Scaling laws using external measures
//  #define BM_SCALING _SCALING_UNIFORM_EXTMEASUREMENTS
//  #define BM_SCALING _SCALING_LENGTHMASS_EXTMEASUREMENTS
//  #define BM_SCALING _SCALING_LENGTHMASSFAT_EXTMEASUREMENTS


And let us choose a special AnyMan file that can be used with this particular scaling law:

//  #path BM_SCALING_ANTHRO_FILE "Model\AnyFamily\AnyManExternal.any"
//  #path BM_SCALING_ANTHRO_FILE "Model\AnyFamily\AnyManExtPercentile.any"
//  #path BM_SCALING_ANTHRO_FILE "Model\AnyFamily\AnyWomanExtPercentile.any"
#path BM_SCALING_ANTHRO_FILE "Model\AnyFamily\AnyManXYZ.any"


Let us double-click on the last line, which defines an anthropometric scaling file.

AnyVar BMI = BodyMass/(BodyHeight*BodyHeight);
///Estimation from Frankenfield et al. (2001) valid for men
AnyVar FatPercent = (-0.09 + 0.0149*BMI - 0.00009*BMI*BMI)*100;

AnyVar BodyMass = 75 ;
AnyVar BodyHeight = 180 /100;

AnyFolder SegmentMasses = {

//Segment masses in kg from Winter ("Biomechanics and motor control of human movement." David A. Winter)
AnyVar Lumbar = 0139*.BodyMass; // T12-L1 to L5-Sacrum
...
};

AnyFolder SegmentScaleFactors =
{
AnyFolder Pelvis = { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1; };
AnyFolder Trunk = { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1; };
AnyFolder Head = { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1;
AnyFolder Neck = { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1;
AnyFolder Lumbar = { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1; };

AnyFolder Right =
{
AnyFolder Clavicula =  { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1; };
AnyFolder Scapula =  { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1; };
...
AnyFolder Thigh =  { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1; };
};
AnyFolder Left = { ... };
};


We could see that the first section containing overall body parameters and the SegmentMasses folder are identical to any other AnyMan file. But instead of having a folder called SegmentDimensions, we now have another called SegmentScaleFactors. Looking at the content it is clear that this folder contains invidual scaling factors along main axes. By default all values are set to be 1, meaning that the cadaveric data will not scale and the law will behave similarly to the _SCALING_NONE_.

Let us define the head scaling factors as expected lengths divided by unscaled head dimensions. In HeadScalingXYZ.any we have already prepared the computation of these distances and we just need to check these values in the Model Tree:

Tip

Right-click on the object and use “Locate in Model Tree” to find it in the Model Tree.

Now that we know original and desired dimensions the scale factors can be defined as the following block of code inside the AnyManXYZ.any. Please apply this changes and reload the model:

AnyFolder Pelvis = { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1; };
AnyFolder Trunk = { AnyFloat LengthScale = 1; AnyFloat DepthScale = 1; AnyFloat WidthScale = 1; };
AnyFolder Head = {
// Standard unscaled values
AnyVar HEAD_LENGTH  = 0.239;
AnyVar HEAD_HEIGHT  = 0.26;

// Scale factor computation
AnyFloat LengthScale = 0.228/HEAD_HEIGHT;///< 228mm, DIN 1986
AnyFloat DepthScale = 0.193/HEAD_LENGTH; ///< 193mm, DIN 1986
AnyFloat WidthScale = 0.156/HEAD_BREADTH;///< 156mm, DIN 1986
};


We have succesfully personalized our model to have a head that corresponds to the German 50th percentile man. We can see that it is slightly smaller than the default one coming with model. However, we still see that the body does not match the head size. The same anthropometric dataset suggests that the height of the 50th percentile man should be 173.3mm. We could mimic _SCALING_UNIFORM_ by defining a common scaling factor and applying it to all dimensions like this:

AnyVar BodyMass = 75 ;
AnyVar BodyHeight = 180 /100;

#define STATURE_SCALE_FACTOR 1.733/1.75

...

AnyFolder SegmentScaleFactors =
{
AnyFolder Pelvis = {
AnyFloat LengthScale = STATURE_SCALE_FACTOR;
AnyFloat DepthScale = STATURE_SCALE_FACTOR;
AnyFloat WidthScale = STATURE_SCALE_FACTOR;
};
AnyFolder Trunk = {
AnyFloat LengthScale = STATURE_SCALE_FACTOR;
AnyFloat DepthScale = STATURE_SCALE_FACTOR;
AnyFloat WidthScale = STATURE_SCALE_FACTOR;
};

...


By applying these changes we complete this tutorial. Our model looks more natural and corresponds to the 50th percentile German male as suggested by DIN in 1986.

If you want to learn about more advanced patient specific scaling, take a look at the AnyBody tutorials. The tutorial on Scaling covers how to do patient-specific scaling based on geometry data from MRI and CT scans.